Des microbes inconnus peuvent être un signal d’alerte précoce d’un point de basculement climatique

L’augmentation des niveaux de chaleur pourrait pousser le plancton océanique et d’autres organismes unicellulaires vers le seuil de carbone, ce qui pourrait exacerber le réchauffement climatique. Cependant, des études récentes suggèrent qu’il pourrait être possible d’identifier les signes avant-coureurs avant que ces organismes n’atteignent ce point critique.

Un groupe de scientifiques menant des recherches sur une classe de microbes répandue, mais souvent négligée, a découvert une boucle de rétroaction climatique qui pourrait augmenter le réchauffement climatique. Cependant, cette découverte a un avantage : elle peut également être un signal d’alerte précoce.

À l’aide de simulations informatiques, des chercheurs de l’Université Duke et de l’Université de Californie à Santa Barbara ont montré que la grande majorité du plancton océanique mondial, ainsi que de nombreux organismes unicellulaires qui habitent les lacs, les tourbières et d’autres écosystèmes, pourraient atteindre un niveau de basculement. indiquer. Ici, au lieu d’absorber du dioxyde de carbone, ils commencent à faire le contraire. Ce changement est le résultat de la façon dont votre métabolisme réagit au réchauffement.

Parce que le dioxyde de carbone est un gaz à effet de serre, cela peut à son tour faire monter les températures – une boucle de rétroaction positive qui peut conduire à un changement rapide, où de petites quantités de réchauffement ont un impact important.

Mais en surveillant attentivement leur abondance, nous pourrons peut-être anticiper le point de basculement avant qu’il n’arrive ici, rapportent les chercheurs dans une étude publiée le 1er juin dans la revue Nature. écologie fonctionnelle.

Dans la nouvelle étude, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur un groupe de micro-organismes appelés mixotrophes, ainsi nommés parce qu’ils mélangent deux modes de métabolisme : ils peuvent photosynthétiser comme une plante ou chasser la nourriture comme un animal, selon les conditions.

« Ils sont comme[{ » attribute= » »>Venus fly traps of the microbial world,” said first author Daniel Wieczynski, a postdoctoral associate at Duke.

During photosynthesis, they soak up carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas. And when they eat, they release carbon dioxide. These versatile organisms aren’t considered in most models of global warming, yet they play an important role in regulating climate, said senior author Jean P. Gibert of Duke.

Most of the plankton in the ocean — things like diatoms, dinoflagellates — are mixotrophs. They’re also common in lakes, peatlands, in damp soils, and beneath fallen leaves.

“If you were to go to the nearest pond or lake and scoop a cup of water and put it under a microscope, you’d likely find thousands or even millions of mixotrophic microbes swimming around,” Wieczynski said.

“Because mixotrophs can both capture and emit carbon dioxide, they’re like ‘switches’ that could either help reduce climate change or make it worse,” said co-author Holly Moeller, an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

To understand how these impacts might scale up, the researchers developed a mathematical model to predict how mixotrophs might shift between different modes of metabolism as the climate continues to warm.

The researchers ran their models using a 4-degree span of temperatures, from 19 to 23 degrees Celsius (66-73 degrees Fahrenheit). Global temperatures are likely to surge 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels within the next five years, and are on pace to breach 2 to 4 degrees before the end of this century.

The analysis showed that the warmer it gets, the more mixotrophs rely on eating food rather than making their own via photosynthesis. As they do, they shift the balance between carbon in and carbon out.

The models suggest that, eventually, we could see these microbes reach a tipping point — a threshold beyond which they suddenly flip from carbon sink to carbon source, having a net warming effect instead of a cooling one.

This tipping point is hard to undo. Once they cross that threshold, it would take significant cooling — more than one degree Celsius — to restore their cooling effects, the findings suggest.

But it’s not all bad news, the researchers said. Their results also suggest that it may be possible to spot these shifts in advance, if we watch out for changes in mixotroph abundance over time.

“Right before a tipping point, their abundances suddenly start to fluctuate wildly,” Wieczynski said. “If you went out in nature and you saw a sudden change from relatively steady abundances to rapid fluctuations, you would know it’s coming.”

Whether the early warning signal is detectable, however, may depend on another key factor revealed by the study: nutrient pollution.

Discharges from wastewater treatment facilities and runoff from farms and lawns laced with chemical fertilizers and animal waste can send nutrients like nitrate and phosphate into lakes and streams and coastal waters.

When Wieczynski and his colleagues included higher amounts of such nutrients in their models, they found that the range of temperatures over which the telltale fluctuations occur starts to shrink until eventually the signal disappears and the tipping point arrives with no apparent warning.

The predictions of the model still need to be verified with real-world observations, but they “highlight the value of investing in early detection,” Moeller said.

“Tipping points can be short-lived, and thus hard to catch,” Gibert said. “This paper provides us with a search image, something to look out for, and makes those tipping points — as fleeting as they may be — more likely to be found.”

Reference: “Mixotrophic microbes create carbon tipping points under warming” by Daniel J. Wieczynski, Holly V. Moeller and Jean P. Gibert, 31 May 2023, Functional Ecology.
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14350

The study was funded by the Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.